英語作文第二段舉例子開頭句型(英語作文第二段怎么寫)

1.英語作文第二段怎么寫

② 觀點(diǎn)不能過于寬泛 E.g. 3 --- Making friends online is helpful. 觀點(diǎn)過于寬泛可改為 --- Making friends online is helpful in broadening our friend circle. ② 觀點(diǎn)不能重復(fù)E.g. 4 The Importance of Keeping a Good Mood --- The first reason is that we need to keep a good mood. 觀點(diǎn)過于重復(fù)可將其具體化為 ---Firstly we need to keep a good mood to build harmonious interpersonal relationship. ---We need to keep a good mood first to keep us healthy both physically and mentally. Exercises 1. Cellphone is very important to our life. means of communication/ entertainment way of getting information 2. Women's role is more difficult to play than that of men. constant physical troubles social troubles ③ 分主題要有足夠的概括性 非論證過程或詳細(xì)的描寫 E.g. 5 ---Firstly the most popular function of a cellphone is that we can send SMS to fulfill an instant contact with others. 觀點(diǎn)為具體細(xì)節(jié)非命題形式的論點(diǎn)可改為 --- Firstly communication is the most popular function of a cellphone. We can send SMS to fulfill an instant contact with others anywhere and at ay time. E.g. 6 --- First a 100-year-old man was reported to do physical exercise every day. He said that it is sports that make him stay healthy. 分論題為具體描述非命題形式的論點(diǎn)應(yīng)作為論據(jù)論點(diǎn)可為 --- Physical exercise helps to keep ourselves healthy.。

2.英語作文第二段怎么寫

② 觀點(diǎn)不能過于寬泛 E.g. 3 --- Making friends online is helpful. 觀點(diǎn)過于寬泛可改為 ---

Making friends online is helpful in broadening our friend circle. ② 觀點(diǎn)不能重復(fù)

E.g. 4 The Importance of Keeping a Good Mood --- The first reason is that we

need to keep a good mood. 觀點(diǎn)過于重復(fù)可將其具體化為 ---Firstly we need to keep a good mood to build harmonious interpersonal relationship. ---We need to keep a good mood

first to keep us healthy both physically and mentally.

Exercises 1. Cellphone is very important to our life. means of communication/ entertainment

way of getting information 2. Women's role is more difficult to play than that

of men. constant physical troubles social troubles ③ 分主題要有足夠的概括性 非論證過程或詳細(xì)的描寫

E.g. 5 ---Firstly the most popular function of a cellphone is that we can send

SMS to fulfill an instant contact with others. 觀點(diǎn)為具體細(xì)節(jié)非命題形式的論點(diǎn)可改為 --- Firstly

communication is the most popular function of a cellphone. We can send SMS to

fulfill an instant contact with others anywhere and at ay time. E.g. 6 --- First a 100-year-old man was reported to do physical exercise every day. He said that it is sports that make him stay healthy. 分論題為具體描述非命題形式的論點(diǎn)應(yīng)作為論據(jù)論點(diǎn)可為 --- Physical exercise helps to keep ourselves healthy.

3.速求一個(gè)英語作文的萬能開頭

開頭萬能公式 1. 開頭萬能公式一：名人名言 有人問了，“我沒有記住名言，怎么辦？尤其是英語名言？”，很好辦：編！ 原理：我們看到的東西很多都是創(chuàng)造出來的，包括我們欣賞的文章也是，所以盡管編，但是一定要聽起來很有道理呦！而且沒準(zhǔn)將來我們就是名人呢！對(duì)吧？ 經(jīng)典句型： A proberb says, “ You are only young once.” （適用于已記住的名言） It goes without saying that we cannot be young forever. （適用于自編名言） 更多經(jīng)典句型： As everyone knows, No one can deny that… 2. 開頭萬能公式二：數(shù)字統(tǒng)計(jì) 原理：要想更有說服力，就應(yīng)該用實(shí)際的數(shù)字來說明。

原則上在議論文當(dāng)中十不應(yīng)該出現(xiàn)虛假數(shù)字的，可是在考試的時(shí)候哪管那三七二十一，但編無妨，只要我有東西寫就萬事大吉了。所以不妨試用下面的句型： According to a recent survey, about 78.9% of the college students wanted to further their study after their graduation. 看起來這個(gè)數(shù)字文鄒鄒的，其實(shí)都是編造出來的，下面隨便幾個(gè)題目我們都可以這樣編造： Honesty：根據(jù)最近的一項(xiàng)統(tǒng)計(jì)調(diào)查顯示，大學(xué)生向老師請(qǐng)假的理由當(dāng)中78%都是假的。

Travel by Bike：根據(jù)最近的一項(xiàng)統(tǒng)計(jì)調(diào)查顯示，85%的人在近距離旅行的時(shí)候首選的交通工具是自行車。 Youth：根據(jù)最近的一項(xiàng)統(tǒng)計(jì)調(diào)查顯示，在某個(gè)大學(xué)，學(xué)生的課余時(shí)間的70%都是在休閑娛樂。

Five-day Work Week Better than Six-day Work？：根據(jù)最近的一項(xiàng)統(tǒng)計(jì)調(diào)查顯示，98%的人同意每周五天工作日。 更多句型： A recent statistics shows that … 結(jié)尾萬能公式 1. 結(jié)尾萬能公式一：如此結(jié)論 說完了，畢竟要?dú)w納一番，相信各位都有這樣的經(jīng)歷，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)長篇大論，到最后終于冒出個(gè)“總而言之”之類的話，我們馬上停止開小差，等待領(lǐng)導(dǎo)說結(jié)束語。

也就是說，開頭很好，也必然要有一個(gè)精彩的結(jié)尾，讓讀者眼前一亮，這樣，你就可以拿高分了！比如下面的例子： Obviously（此為過渡短語）， we can draw the conclusion that good manners arise from politeness and respect for others. 如果讀者很難“顯而見之”，但說無妨，就當(dāng)讀者的眼光太淺罷了！ 更多過渡短語： to sum up, in conclusion, in brief, on account of this, thus 更多句型： Thus, it can be concluded that…， Therefore, we can find that… 2. 結(jié)尾萬能公式二：如此建議 如果說“如此結(jié)論”是結(jié)尾最沒用的廢話，那么“如此建議”應(yīng)該是最有價(jià)值的廢話了，因?yàn)檫@里雖然也是廢話，但是卻用了一個(gè)很經(jīng)典的虛擬語氣的句型。拽！ Obviously, it is high time that we took some measures to solve the problem. 這里的虛擬語氣用得很經(jīng)典，因?yàn)榭脊俦緛斫?jīng)常考這個(gè)句型，而如果我們自己寫出來，你說考官會(huì)怎么想呢？ 更多句型： Accordingly, I recommend that some measures be taken. Consequently, to solve the problem, some measures should be taken. 寫作的“七項(xiàng)基本原則” 一、長短句原則 工作還得一張一馳呢，老讓讀者讀長句，累死人！寫一個(gè)短小精辟的句子，相反，卻可以起到畫龍點(diǎn)睛的作用。

而且如果我們把短句放在段首或者段末，也可以揭示主題： As a creature, I eat; as a man, I read. Although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of mind, they are in a way quite similar. 如此可見，長短句結(jié)合，抑揚(yáng)頓挫，豈不爽哉？牢記！ 強(qiáng)烈建議：在文章第一段（開頭）用一長一短，且先長后短；在文章主體部分，要先用一個(gè)短句解釋主要意思，然后在闡述幾個(gè)要點(diǎn)的時(shí)候采用先短后長的句群形式，定會(huì)讓主體部分妙筆生輝！文章結(jié)尾一般用一長一短就可以了。 二、主題句原則 國有其君，家有其主，文章也要有其主。

否則會(huì)給人造成“群龍無首”之感！相信各位讀過一些破爛文學(xué)，故意把主體隱藏在文章之內(nèi)，結(jié)果造成我們稀里糊涂！不知所云！所以奉勸各位一定要寫一個(gè)主題句，放在文章的開頭（保險(xiǎn)型）或者結(jié)尾，讓讀者一目了然，必會(huì)平安無事！ 特別提示：隱藏主體句可是要冒險(xiǎn)的！ To begin with, you must work hard at your lessons and be fully prepared before the exam（主題句）. Without sufficient preparation, you can hardly expect to answer all the questions correctly. 三、一二三原則 領(lǐng)導(dǎo)講話總是第一部分、第一點(diǎn)、第二點(diǎn)、第三點(diǎn)、第二部分、第一點(diǎn)… 如此羅嗦?？僧吘惯€是條理清楚。

考官們看文章也必然要通過這些關(guān)鍵性的“標(biāo)簽”來判定你的文章是否結(jié)構(gòu)清楚，條理自然。破解方法很簡單，只要把下面任何一組的詞匯加入到你的幾個(gè)要點(diǎn)前就清楚了。

1)first, second, third, last（不推薦，原因：俗） 2)firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally（不推薦，原因：俗） 3)the first, the second, the third, the last（不推薦，原因：俗） 4)in the first place, in the second place, in the third place, lastly（不推薦，原因：俗） 5)to begin with, then, furthermore, finally（強(qiáng)烈推 薦） 6)to start with, next, in addition, finally（強(qiáng)烈推 薦） 7)first and foremost, besides, last but not least（強(qiáng) 烈推薦） 8)most important of all, moreover, finally 。

4.作文第二段普遍怎么開頭

我們可以這樣來激發(fā)第二段該寫的對(duì)東西：

1。議論文：在第一段中我們以各種優(yōu)美的句子作開頭之后，第二段便開始以淺入深的形式轉(zhuǎn)入論述的中心。

比如： 《通往心靈的路》

中華五千年悠久的歷史創(chuàng)造了無數(shù)光輝奪目的成就，在這些成就中我最欣賞簡單又蘊(yùn)意深刻的文字。因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)代的人們用它學(xué)會(huì)了交流，打通了通往人們心靈的路。

交流可以傳遞溫情。通過交流，子女可以明白父母對(duì)自己深深的愛，兩代人的鴻溝也可以漸漸消除。通過交流，戀人間不再有秘密，坦誠相待，愛情更加堅(jiān)不可摧。朋友間通過交流，可以了解對(duì)方的心事，與對(duì)方一起分擔(dān)苦惱，讓友情進(jìn)一步升溫。交流可以化解矛盾。

注意：在第二段里我們可以看到‘交流可以傳遞溫情’，再看一下題目《通往心靈的路》就知道是先抓住怎樣的通向心靈的路來點(diǎn)出接下來該寫什么的，如第二句中‘傳遞’就是一個(gè)淺淺的出發(fā)點(diǎn)了，由作文中心論點(diǎn)抓住改寫什么的你就從問題的起點(diǎn)考慮，最簡單是上文中：母子的愛--戀人的愛--人類的心靈都是有簡單到復(fù)雜，由親近到疏遠(yuǎn)，由松到緊，由無關(guān)緊要到緊要。就這樣的形式來幫助自己接著寫第二段的明燈咯！

2。繼續(xù)作文：在第一段中我們寫著與上文相接的東西后，開始找論點(diǎn)來連接下一個(gè)開頭，很簡單的如：這只狐貍進(jìn)了葡萄園偷吃葡萄后會(huì)有什么結(jié)局，你就展開引發(fā)，這樣你就要開始繼續(xù)下去了，就如這只狐貍進(jìn)了院子里吃飽了后，它挖土出來了，或吃胖了出不來，或被主人殺了，就在第二段寫它的狀況和怎么個(gè)吃法等。

我拿篇文章來講吧：

余香，幸運(yùn)的人應(yīng)該幫助不幸的人，卻不知道每個(gè)人都有自尊心，即使是在他落難的時(shí)候，也應(yīng)該從心底里發(fā)出一種同情心來幫助他。

爸爸曾說想在西部認(rèn)養(yǎng)一個(gè)聰明點(diǎn)小孩，等他長大了，即使不懂得滴水之恩當(dāng)涌泉相報(bào)，也起碼會(huì)來看看我們，那也算是一種慰藉。但那時(shí)我害怕那個(gè)聰明的孩子會(huì)破壞爸爸對(duì)我的愛，破壞我幸福的生活，我堅(jiān)決不同意。我是個(gè)自私的孩子，忘記了他們在不避風(fēng)日的屋子里住著而我卻是高屋暖枕。爸媽很多次告訴過我，做人要善良，雖然我們并不偉大，也沒有很多錢，但是能做的事情我們還是得做。爸爸說我們是勞動(dòng)人民的孩子，不能脫離勞動(dòng)人民，只有深切體驗(yàn)生活的艱辛才能理解勞動(dòng)。于是我們常常會(huì)去那些外地民工聚居的地方，吃那些帶有地方特色的食物，那些東西對(duì)于我來說是從未體驗(yàn)過的美食，而他們，每天都要吃著這些廉價(jià)的東西。夏天當(dāng)火辣辣的太陽照在頭頂，最多就是再加一瓶冰啤酒。晚上當(dāng)星星出來上班的時(shí)候，他們沒有什么太多的休閑活動(dòng)，無非是打打牌聊聊天。我不知道為什么干活最累的是他們，而生活最艱難的又是他們。也許這就是生活在社會(huì)的最底層的悲哀吧？我不由地從心底里產(chǎn)生一種東西，迫使我伸出手握著一個(gè)走過我身邊的民工的手。我只想說，再你看到那些可憐的人們的時(shí)候，不管他們是不是裝的，請(qǐng)伸出你的手，給他們一點(diǎn)溫暖。畢竟，沒有什么困難的人都不會(huì)想到要伸手向人乞討。還有，如果你掉了零錢，一個(gè)穿著很破爛的人撿起來要還給你，千萬不要拒絕，也別說不是你的，

因?yàn)樗麄儾恍枰@樣的同情。請(qǐng)伸出你的手，隨時(shí)記著，你是善良的

注意：你會(huì)想到伸手能做什么能幫人，可以從怎么幫啊，幫來做什么開始寫，第二段你就可以直接進(jìn)入問題的中心要概述的了。我回想起的往事來說

總結(jié)：往往第一段都是天花玉鳳的講些優(yōu)美的句子，不過要與自己寫的相關(guān)點(diǎn)，而且在第一段結(jié)尾處要開始想到與第二段有關(guān)的詞作結(jié)尾，有點(diǎn)意思的第一段結(jié)尾也可以引發(fā)第二段所接的內(nèi)容，要接上第一得所得到的那件事的起由，記?。簻\到深。來連貫出第二段

讓我們更懂得體會(huì)原創(chuàng)~

5.英語萬能開頭和結(jié)尾的句式模板

段首句 1. 關(guān)于……人們有不同的觀點(diǎn)。

一些人認(rèn)為…… There are different opinions among people as to ____ .Some people suggest that ____. 2. 俗話說（常言道）……，它是我們前輩的經(jīng)歷，但是，即使在今天，它在許多場合仍然適用。 There is an old saying______. It"s the experience of our forefathers,however,it is correct in many cases even today. 3. 現(xiàn)在，……，它們給我們的日常生活帶來了許多危害。

首先，……；其次，……。更為糟糕的是……。

Today, ____, which have brought a lot of harms in our daily life. First, ____ Second,____. What makes things worse is that______. 【外語教育&網(wǎng)】 4. 現(xiàn)在，……很普遍，許多人喜歡……，因?yàn)椤?，另外（而且）……? Nowadays,it is common to ______. Many people like ______ because ______. Besides,______. 5. 任何事物都是有兩面性，……也不例外。

它既有有利的一面，也有不利的一面。 Everything has two sides and ______ is not an exception,it has both advantages and disadvantages. 6. 關(guān)于……人們的觀點(diǎn)各不相同，一些人認(rèn)為（說）……，在他們看來，…… People's opinions about ______ vary from person to person. Some people say that ______.To them,_____. 7. 人類正面臨著一個(gè)嚴(yán)重的問題……，這個(gè)問題變得越來越嚴(yán)重。

Man is now facing a big problem ______ which is becoming more and more serious. 8. ……已成為人的關(guān)注的熱門話題，特別是在年青人當(dāng)中，將引發(fā)激烈的辯論。 ______ has become a hot topic among people,especially among the young and heated debates are right on their way. 9. ……在我們的日常生活中起著越來越重要的作用，它給我們帶來了許多好處，但同時(shí)也引發(fā)一些嚴(yán)重的問題。

______ has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life.it has brought us a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well. 10. 根據(jù)圖表/數(shù)字/統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字/表格中的百分比/圖表/條形圖/成形圖可以看出……。很顯然……，但是為什么呢？ According to the figure/number/statistics/percentages in the /chart/bar graph/line/graph,it can be seen that______ while. Obviously,______,but why？ 結(jié)尾句 1. 至于我，在某種程度上我同意后面的觀點(diǎn)，我認(rèn)為…… As far as I am concerned, I agree with the latter opinion to some extent. I think that ____. 2. 總而言之，整個(gè)社會(huì)應(yīng)該密切關(guān)注……這個(gè)問題。

只有這樣，我們才能在將來……。 In a word, the whole society should pay close attention to the problem of ______.Only in this way can ______in the future. 3. 但是，……和……都有它們各自的優(yōu)勢（好處）。

例如，……，而……。然而，把這兩者相比較，我更傾向于（喜歡）…… But ______and ______have their own advantages. For example, _____, while_____. Comparing this with that, however, I prefer to______. 4. 就我個(gè)人而言，我相信……，因此，我堅(jiān)信美好的未來正等著我們。

因?yàn)椤? Personally, I believe that_____. Consequently, I'm confident that a bright future is awaiting us because______. 【外語教育&網(wǎng)】 5. 隨著社會(huì)的發(fā)展，……。因此，迫切需要……。

如果每個(gè)人都愿為社會(huì)貢獻(xiàn)自已的一份力量，這個(gè)社會(huì)將要變得越來越好。 With the development of society, ______.So it"s urgent and necessary to ____.If every member is willing to contribute himself to the society, it will be better and better. 6. 至于我（對(duì)我來說，就我而言），我認(rèn)為……更合理。

只有這樣，我們才能…… For my part, I think it reasonable to_____. Only in this way can you _____. 7. 對(duì)我來說，我認(rèn)為有必要……。原因如下：第一，……； 第二，……；最后……但同樣重要的是…… In my opinion, I think it necessary to____. The reasons are as follows. First _____.Second ______. Last but not least,______. 8. 在總體上很難說……是好還是壞，因?yàn)樗诤艽蟪潭壬先Q于……的形勢。

然而，就我個(gè)人而言，我發(fā)現(xiàn)……。 It is difficult to say whether _____is good or not in general as it depends very much on the situation of______. However, from a personal point of view find______. 9. 綜上所述，我們可以清楚地得出結(jié)論…… From what has been discussed above, we may reasonably arrive at the conclusion that____. 10. 如果我們不采取有效的方法，就可能控制不了這種趨勢，就會(huì)出現(xiàn)一些意想不到的不良后果，所以，我們應(yīng)該做的是…… If we can not take useful means, we may not control this trend, and some undesirable result may come out unexpectedly, so what we should do is_____.。

6.求英語作文萬能開頭和結(jié)尾

（一）段首句 1. 關(guān)于……人們有不同的觀點(diǎn)。

一些人認(rèn)為…… There are different opinions among people as to ____ .Some people suggest that ____. 2. 俗話說（常言道）……，它是我們前輩的經(jīng)歷，但是，即使在今天，它在許多場合仍然適用。 There is an old saying______. It's the experience of our forefathers,however,it is correct in many cases even today. 3. 現(xiàn)在，……，它們給我們的日常生活帶來了許多危害。

首先，……；其次，……。更為糟糕的是…… Today, ____, which have brought a lot of harms in our daily life. First, ____ Second,____.What makes things worse is that______. 4. 現(xiàn)在，……很普遍，許多人喜歡……，因?yàn)椤?，另外（而且）……?/p>

Nowadays, it is common to ______. Many people like ______ because ______.Besides,______. 5. 任何事物都是有兩面性，……也不例外。它既有有利的一面，也有不利的一面。

Everything has two sides and ______ is not an exception,it has both advantages and disadvantages. 6. 關(guān)于……人們的觀點(diǎn)各不相同，一些人認(rèn)為（說）……，在他們看來，…… People's opinions about ______ vary from person to person. Some people say that ______.To them,_____. 7. 人類正面臨著一個(gè)嚴(yán)重的問題……，這個(gè)問題變得越來越嚴(yán)重。 Man is now facing a big problem ______ which is becoming more and more serious. 8. ……已成為人的關(guān)注的熱門話題，特別是在年青人當(dāng)中，將引發(fā)激烈的辯論。

______ has become a hot topic among people,especially among the young and heated debates are right on their way. 9. ……在我們的日常生活中起著越來越重要的作用，它給我們帶來了許多好處，但同時(shí)也引發(fā)一些嚴(yán)重 的問題。 ______ has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has brought us a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well. 10. 根據(jù)圖表/數(shù)字/統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字/表格中的百分比/圖表/條形圖/成形圖可以看出……。

很顯然……，但是 為什么呢？ According to the figure/number/statistics/percentages in the /chart/bar graph/line/graph,it can be seen that ______ while. Obviously, ______, but why？ （二）中間段落句 1. 相反，有一些人贊成……，他們相信……，而且，他們認(rèn)為……。 On the contrary, there are some people in favor of ___.At the same time, they say____. 2. 但是，我認(rèn)為這不是解決……的好方法，比如……。

最糟糕的是……。 But I don't think it is a very good way to solve ____.For example,____.Worst of all,___. 3. ……對(duì)我們國家的發(fā)展和建設(shè)是必不可少的，（也是）非常重要的。

首先，……。而且……，最重要 的是…… ______is necessary and important to our country's development and construction. First,______. What's more, _____.Most important of all,______. 4. 有幾個(gè)可供我們采納的方法。

首先，我們可以……。 There are several measures for us to adopt. First, we can______ 5. 面臨……，我們應(yīng)該采取一系列行之有效的方法來……。

一方面……，另一方面， Confronted with______, we should take a series of effective measures to______. For one thing,______For another, ______ 6. 早就應(yīng)該拿出行動(dòng)了。比如說……，另外……。

所有這些方法肯定會(huì)……。 It is high time that something was done about it. For example. _____.In addition. _____.All these measures will certainly______. 7. 為什么……？第一個(gè)原因是……；第二個(gè)原因是……；第三個(gè)原因是……。

總的來說，……的主要原 因是由于…… Why______? The first reason is that ______.The second reason is ______.The third is ______.For all this, the main cause of ______due to ______. 8. 然而，正如任何事物都有好壞兩個(gè)方面一樣，……也有它的不利的一面，象……。 However, just like everything has both its good and bad sides, ______also has its own disadvantages, such as ______. 9. 盡管如此，我相信……更有利。

Nonetheless, I believe that ______is more advantageous. 10. 完全同意……這種觀點(diǎn)（陳述），主要理由如下：I fully agree with the statement that ______ because______. （三）結(jié)尾句 1. 至于我，在某種程度上我同意后面的觀點(diǎn)，我認(rèn)為…… As far as I am concerned, I agree with the latter opinion to some extent. I think that …… 2. 總而言之，整個(gè)社會(huì)應(yīng)該密切關(guān)注……這個(gè)問題。只有這樣，我們才能在將來……。

In a word, the whole society should pay close attention to the problem of ……Only in this way can ……in the future. 3. 但是，……和……都有它們各自的優(yōu)勢（好處）。例如，……，而……。

然而，把這兩者相比較，我更傾向于（喜歡）……But ……and……h(huán)ave heir own advantages. For example， …… while…… Comparing this with that, however, I prefer to…… 4. 就我個(gè)人而言，我相信……，因此，我堅(jiān)信美好的未來正等著我們。因?yàn)椤?Personally, I believe that…… Consequently, I'm confident 。

7.英語作文常用開頭短語

1、常用與開頭的短語、句式 （1） with the (rapidly)growing popularity of (computers/private cars) in China,the quality of our lives has been considerably changed。

(2) With the (rapid)growth of (our economy/population),many problems such as (water shortages/waste of energy/lack of professionals and chaotic management)are beginng to surface (3) With the development of (science and technology/market economy),more and more/an increasing number of people come to realize that … （4） Currently there is a widespread/serious concern over (illegal publication/drug abuse/negative influence of western cultures). (5) Nowadays ,a heated debated/discussion about…is under way in China .some people believe that …，whereas others argue that… （6） There are some reasons for owning (private cars/ personal computers).To begin with，…Next，…Last，…There are,on the oher hand,many reasons against it,First，…Second，…Finally，… （7） There are many advantanges and disadvantages in(owning a car). (8) There are various /at least three ways/possible techniques/problems/methods to do something。