關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時(shí),從句謂語動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致。1)who, whom, that 這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞,在從句中作主語和賓語。
例如: Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想見的人嗎?(who/that在從句中作主語) He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天見的那個(gè)人。(whom/that在從句中作賓語)2) whose 用來指人或物,(只用作定語, 若指物,它還可以同of which互換)。
例如: They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人車壞了,大家都跑過去幫忙。 Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 請遞給我那本綠皮的書。
3)which, that所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞,在從句中可作主語、賓語等。例如: A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 農(nóng)村出現(xiàn)了前所未有的繁榮。
(which / that在句中作賓語) The package (which / that)you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作賓語) 關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句 關(guān)系副詞可代替的先行詞是時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或理由的名詞,在從句中作狀語。
1)關(guān)系副詞when, where, why的含義相當(dāng)于"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu),因此常常和"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu)交替使用。例如: There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的時(shí)候。
Beijing is the place where(in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。 Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 這就是他拒絕我們幫助他的理由嗎?2)that代替關(guān)系副詞,可以用于表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式、理由的名詞后取代when, where, why和"介詞+ which"引導(dǎo)的定語從句,在口語中that常被省略。
例如: His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父親在他出生那年逝世了。 He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住過的地方。
例如: This is the house which we bought last month. 這是我們上個(gè)月買的那幢房子。(限制性) The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.這幢房子很漂亮,是我們上個(gè)月買的。
(非限制性)2) 當(dāng)先行詞是專有名詞或物主代詞和指示代詞所修飾時(shí),其后的定語從句通常是非限制性的。例如: Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理·史密斯去年退休了,他曾經(jīng)是我的老師。
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年買的的那幢房子帶著個(gè)漂亮的花園。 This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 這本小說很動(dòng)人,我已經(jīng)讀了三遍。
3) 非限制性定語從句還能將整個(gè)主句作為先行詞, 對其進(jìn)行修飾, 這時(shí)從句謂語動(dòng)詞要用第三人稱單數(shù)。例如: He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎沒抓住我的意思,這使我心煩。
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液態(tài)水變?yōu)檎羝?,這就叫做蒸發(fā)。說明:關(guān)系代詞that和關(guān)系副詞why不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。